LICEUL TEORETIC
"TUDOR VLADIMIRESCU " -DRAGANESTI -OLT 2009
PROFIL MATEMATICA-INFORMATICA
PROIECT ATESTAT
Tema: "CALUTUL INTELIGENT"
Introducere in Turbo Pascal
Limbajul Pascal a fost elaborat in 1972 de catre Nicklaus Wirth de la Universitatea din Zurich in scopul unei mai bune invatari a programarii . Desi la inceput el a fost cunoscut doar de mediul universitar, apoi el a cunoscut un succes imens .
Structura programelor Pascal
Orice program incepe printr-un cuvint numit PROGRAM care este urmat de numele propriu-zis al programului, adica de un nume ales de utilizator si de semnul ; (punct si virgula)
Orice program contine cel putin odata cuvintele cu un inteles special BEGIN si END
Orice program se termina prin punct
Orice cuvint al programului poate fi scris cu litere mari sau mici, deoarece nu are importanta
. In versiunea Turbo, prima linie poate lipsi, desi nu se recomanda acest lucru, din ratiuni de ordine
Plasarea cuvintelor pe linie si numarul de spatii dintre ele sint la alegerea programatorului . Se poate scrie tot programul pe o singura linie, insa este bine ca programul sa fie scris in asa fel incit sa fie usor de inteles .
PREZENTARE APLICATIEI
Acest program realizat in limbajul de programare Turbo Pascal este un program in care un 'calut' asezat pe o tabla de dimensiuni introduse de la calculator de catre utilizator va pleca dintr-un punct specificat de utilizator si va parcurge fiecare casuta a tablei,nu neaparat intr-o anumita ordine,neparcurzand aceeasi casuta de 2 ori . Acest lucru este posibil datorita unui algoritm care 'gandeste' mutarile calutului .
Utilizatorul poate alege ca dupa fiecare mutare a calutului acesta sa se opreasca in casuta in care tocmai s-a mutat si continuandu-si mersul dupa ce este apasata orice tasta sau pauza dintre mutari sa fie una scurta mutarea facandu-se automat fara interventia utilizatorului .
Dimensiunea tablei poate avea valori cuprinse doar in intervalul inchis [5,12] .
In acest program s-au folosit urmatoarele variabile:
type imagine_ cal=array[1 . . 30,1 . . 30] of byte;
const cal:imagine_ cal= (
type matrice=array[1 . . 20,1 . . 20] of integer;
type coord=array[1 . . 8] of integer;
sir=array[1 . . 8] of integer;
const xc:coord= (-2,-1, 1, 2, 2, 1,-1,-2) ;
yc:coord= ( 1, 2, 2, 1,-1,-2,-2,-1) ;
var i,j:integer;
marime_ matrice:integer;
x_ pornire,y_ pornire:integer;
a:matrice
c:sir
x1,y1,x2,y2:integer;
oprire:boolean;
Functiile si procedurile care s-au folosit in realizarea acestui program sunt:
procedure initializare_ mod_ grafic;
var
grDriver: Integer;
grMode: Integer;
ErrCode: Integer;
begin
grDriver := Detect;
InitGraph (grDriver, grMode,'bgi') ;
if Graphresult<>0 then begin
writeln ('Modul grafic nu a putut fi initializat') ;
halt;
end;
end;
procedure cerere_ optiuni; c:char;
var eroare_ la_ introducerea_ datelor:boolean;
begin
window (1,1,80,25) ;
textbackground (black) ;
textcolor (white) ;
clrscr
textbackground (blue) ;
window (10,7,70,25) ;
write ('ÚAA AA AA AA Optiuni posibile pentru problema calului AA AA AA AA As') ;
write ('³ ³') ;
write ('³ ³') ;
write ('³ ³') ;
write ('³ ³') ;
write ('³ ³') ;
write ('³ ³') ;
write ('³ ³') ;
write ('³ ³') ;
write ('³ ³') ;
write ('³ ³') ;
write ('³ ³') ;
write ('³ ³') ;
write ('ÀAA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AÙ') ;
gotoxy (3,3) ;
write ('Marimea tablei de sah (maxim 14, minim 5) :') ;
gotoxy (3,5) ;
write ('Punctul din care se va porni (x) :') ;
gotoxy (3,6) ;
write ('Punctul din care se va porni (y) :') ;
gotoxy (4,8) ;
write ('Doriti ca la fiecare mutare programul sa se opreasca') ;
gotoxy (4,9) ;
write ('pana la apasarea unei taste sau sa astepte numai ') ;
gotoxy (4,10) ;
write ('cateva momente si sa continue [ prire/ ontinuare] !') ;
textcolor (red) ;
gotoxy (35,10) ;
write ('O') ;
gotoxy (42,10) ;
write ('C') ;
repeat
textcolor (white) ;
window (60,9,65,9) ;
textbackground (black) ;
textcolor (white) ;
clrscr;
readln (marime_ matrice) ;
textbackground (blue) ;
clrscr;
write (marime_ matrice) ;
if (marime_ matrice<15) and (marime_ matrice>4) then
eroare_ la_ introducerea_ datelor:=false
else
eroare_ la_ introducerea_ datelor:=true;
if IOresult<>0 then eroare_ la_ introducerea_ datelor:=true;
until not eroare_ la_ introducerea_ datelor;
repeat
window (50,11,60,11) ;
textbackground (black) ;
textcolor (white) ;
clrscr;
readln (x_ pornire) ;
textbackground (blue) ;
clrscr;
write (x_ pornire) ;
if (x_ pornire>0) and (x_ pornire<marime_ matrice+1) then
eroare_ la_ introducerea_ datelor:=false
else
eroare_ la_ introducerea_ datelor:=true;
if IOresult<>0 then eroare_ la_ introducerea_ datelor:=true;
until not eroare_ la_ introducerea_ datelor;
repeat
window (50,12,60,12) ;
textbackground (black) ;
textcolor (white) ;
clrscr;
readln (y_ pornire) ;
textbackground (blue) ;
clrscr;
write (y_ pornire) ;
if (y_ pornire>0) and (y_ pornire<marime_ matrice+1) then
eroare_ la_ introducerea_ datelor:=false
else
eroare_ la_ introducerea_ datelor:=true;
if IOresult<>0 then eroare_ la_ introducerea_ datelor:=true;
until not eroare_ la_ introducerea_ datelor;
repeat
window (50,17,60,17) ;
textbackground (black) ;
textcolor (white) ;
clrscr;
c:=readkey;
if c in ['O','o','c','C'] then
eroare_ la_ introducerea_ datelor:=false
else
eroare_ la_ introducerea_ datelor:=true;
oprire:=c in ['o','O'];
until not eroare_ la_ introducerea_ datelor;
end;
Aceasta procedura se va opri in momentul in care de la tastura
se vor introduce date valide .
procedure desenare_ cal (x,y:integer;c1,c2:byte) ;
begin
for i:=1 to 30 do
for j:=1 to 30 do
if cal[j,i]=15 then putpixel (x+i,y+j,c1)
else putpixel (x+i,y+j,c2) ;
end;
procedure desenare_ patrat;
var i,x,y,j:integer;
s:string;
begin
x1:= (640- (marime_ matrice*31) ) div 2;
y1:= (480- (marime_ matrice*31) ) div 2;
x2:= (640+ (marime_ matrice*31) ) div 2;
y2:= (480+ (marime_ matrice*31) ) div 2;
line (x1,y1,x1,y2) ;
line (x1,y1,x2,y1) ;
line (x2,y2,x1,y2) ;
line (x2,y2,x2,y1) ;
i:=1;
x:=x1;
while i<=marime_ matrice do begin
line (x,y1,x,y2) ;
i:=i+1;
x:=x+31;
end;
i:=1;
y:=y1;
while i<=marime_ matrice do begin
line (x1,y,x2,y) ;
i:=i+1;
y:=y+31;
end;
end;
Prin desenarea patratului si liniilor verticale cat si orizontale
se va obtine tabla pe care se va deplasa calutul .
function numara_ posibilitatile_ de_ mutare (i,j:integer) :integer;
var w:integer;
nr:integer;
begin
nr:=0;
for w:=1 to 8 do begin
if (j+yc[w]<=marime_ matrice) and (j+yc[w]>0) then
if (i+xc[w]<=marime_ matrice) and (i+xc[w]>0) then
if a[i+xc[w],j+yc[w]]=0 then inc (nr) ;
end;
numara_ posibilitatile_ de_ mutare:=nr;
end;
procedure calculul_ efectiv;
var i,j:integer;
gata:boolean;
w,q:integer;
min,poz,singura:integer;
unde:integer;
s:string;
begin
gata:=false;
i:=x_ pornire;
j:=y_ pornire;
unde:=1;
a[i,j]:=unde;
outtextxy (x1+13+ (i-1) *31,y1+12+ (j-1) *31,'1') ;
while not gata do begin
for w:=1 to 8 do begin
c[w]:=0;
if (j+yc[w]<=marime_ matrice) and (j+yc[w]>0) and
(i+xc[w]<=marime_ matrice) and (i+xc[w]>0) then
if a[i+xc[w],j+yc[w]]=0 then begin
singura:=w;
c[w]:=numara_ posibilitatile_ de_ mutare (i+xc[w],j+yc[w]) ;
end;
end;
min:=8;
poz:=1;
gata:=true;
for w:=1 to 8 do
if (min>c[w]) and (c[w]>0) then begin
min:=c[w];
poz:=w;
gata:=false;
end;
if gata then poz:=singura;
i:=i+xc[poz];
j:=j+yc[poz];
unde:=unde+1;
a[i,j]:=unde;
str (unde,s) ;
for q:=1 to 3 do begin
desenare_ cal (x1+ (i-1) *31,y1+ (j-1) *31,white,black) ;
delay (200) ;
desenare_ cal (x1+ (i-1) *31,y1+ (j-1) *31,black,white) ;
delay (200) ;
end;
if oprire then readkey
else delay (600) ;
desenare_ cal (x1+ (i-1) *31,y1+ (j-1) *31,black,black) ;
if length (S) =1 then outtextxy (x1+13+ (i-1) *31,y1+12+ (j-1) *31,s)
else
if length (s) =2 then outtextxy (x1+9+ (i-1) *31,y1+12+ (j-1) *31,s)
else outtextxy (x1+4+ (i-1) *31,y1+12+ (j-1) *31,s) ;
end;
end;
Acum urmeaza corpul progamului in care se vor apela functiile
si procedurile create in uramtoarea ordine:
cerere_ optiuni;
initializare_ mod_ grafic;
desenare_ patrat;
calculul_ efectiv;
Codul sursa:
uses graph,crt;
type imagine_ cal=array[1 . . 30,1 . . 30] of byte;
const cal:imagine_ cal= (
type matrice=array[1 . . 20,1 . . 20] of integer;
type coord=array[1 . . 8] of integer;
sir=array[1 . . 8] of integer;
const xc:coord= (-2,-1, 1, 2, 2, 1,-1,-2) ;
yc:coord= ( 1, 2, 2, 1,-1,-2,-2,-1) ;
var i,j:integer;
marime_ matrice:integer;
x_ pornire,y_ pornire:integer;
a:matrice;
c:sir;
x1,y1,x2,y2:integer;
oprire:boolean;
procedure initializare_ mod_ grafic;
var
grDriver: Integer;
grMode: Integer;
ErrCode: Integer;
begin
grDriver := Detect;
InitGraph (grDriver, grMode,'bgi') ;
if Graphresult<>0 then begin
writeln ('Modul grafic nu a putut fi initializat') ;
halt;
end;
end;
procedure cerere_ optiuni;
var eroare_ la_ introducerea_ datelor:boolean;
c:char;
begin
window (1,1,80,25) ;
textbackground (black) ;
textcolor (white) ;
clrscr;
textbackground (blue) ;
window (10,7,70,25) ;
write ('ÚAA AA AA AA Optiuni posibile pentru problema calului AA AA AA AA As') ;
write ('³ ³') ;
write ('³ ³') ;
write ('³ ³') ;
write ('³ ³') ;
write ('³ ³') ;
write ('³ ³') ;
write ('³ ³') ;
write ('³ ³') ;
write ('³ ³') ;
write ('³ ³') ;
write ('³ ³') ;
write ('³ ³') ;
write ('ÀAA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AÙ') ;
gotoxy (3,3) ;
write ('Marimea tablei de sah (maxim 14, minim 5) :') ;
gotoxy (3,5) ;
write ('Punctul din care se va porni (x) :') ;
gotoxy (3,6) ;
write ('Punctul din care se va porni (y) :') ;
gotoxy (4,8) ;
write ('Doriti ca la fiecare mutare programul sa se opreasca') ;
gotoxy (4,9) ;
write ('pana la apasarea unei taste sau sa astepte numai ') ;
gotoxy (4,10) ;
write ('cateva momente si sa continue [ prire/ ontinuare] !') ;
textcolor (red) ;
gotoxy (35,10) ;
write ('O') ;
gotoxy (42,10) ;
write ('C') ;
repeat
textcolor (white) ;
window (60,9,65,9) ;
textbackground (black) ;
textcolor (white) ;
clrscr;
readln (marime_ matrice) ;
textbackground (blue) ;
clrscr;
write (marime_ matrice) ;
if (marime_ matrice<15) and (marime_ matrice>4) then
eroare_ la_ introducerea_ datelor:=false
else
eroare_ la_ introducerea_ datelor:=true;
if IOresult<>0 then eroare_ la_ introducerea_ datelor:=true;
until not eroare_ la_ introducerea_ datelor;
repeat
window (50,11,60,11) ;
textbackground (black) ;
textcolor (white) ;
clrscr;
readln (x_ pornire) ;
textbackground (blue) ;
clrscr;
write (x_ pornire) ;
if (x_ pornire>0) and (x_ pornire<marime_ matrice+1) then
eroare_ la_ introducerea_ datelor:=false
else
eroare_ la_ introducerea_ datelor:=true;
if IOresult<>0 then eroare_ la_ introducerea_ datelor:=true;
until not eroare_ la_ introducerea_ datelor;
repeat
window (50,12,60,12) ;
textbackground (black) ;
textcolor (white) ;
clrscr;
readln (y_ pornire) ;
textbackground (blue) ;
clrscr;
write (y_ pornire) ;
if (y_ pornire>0) and (y_ pornire<marime_ matrice+1) then
eroare_ la_ introducerea_ datelor:=false
else
eroare_ la_ introducerea_ datelor:=true;
if IOresult<>0 then eroare_ la_ introducerea_ datelor:=true;
until not eroare_ la_ introducerea_ datelor;
repeat
window (50,17,60,17) ;
textbackground (black) ;
textcolor (white) ;
clrscr;
c:=readkey;
if c in ['O','o','c','C'] then
eroare_ la_ introducerea_ datelor:=false
else
eroare_ la_ introducerea_ datelor:=true;
oprire:=c in ['o','O'];
until not eroare_ la_ introducerea_ datelor;
end;
procedure desenare_ cal (x,y:integer;c1,c2:byte) ;
begin
for i:=1 to 30 do
for j:=1 to 30 do
if cal[j,i]=15 then putpixel (x+i,y+j,c1)
else putpixel (x+i,y+j,c2) ;
end;
procedure desenare_ patrat;
var i,x,y,j:integer;
s:string;
begin
x1:= (640- (marime_ matrice*31) ) div 2;
y1:= (480- (marime_ matrice*31) ) div 2;
x2:= (640+ (marime_ matrice*31) ) div 2;
y2:= (480+ (marime_ matrice*31) ) div 2;
line (x1,y1,x1,y2) ;
line (x1,y1,x2,y1) ;
line (x2,y2,x1,y2) ;
line (x2,y2,x2,y1) ;
i:=1;
x:=x1;
while i<=marime_ matrice do begin
line (x,y1,x,y2) ;
i:=i+1;
x:=x+31;
end;
i:=1;
y:=y1;
while i<=marime_ matrice do begin
line (x1,y,x2,y) ;
i:=i+1;
y:=y+31;
end;
end;
function numara_ posibilitatile_ de_ mutare (i,j:integer) :integer;
var w:integer;
nr:integer;
begin
nr:=0;
for w:=1 to 8 do begin
if (j+yc[w]<=marime_ matrice) and (j+yc[w]>0) then
if (i+xc[w]<=marime_ matrice) and (i+xc[w]>0) then
if a[i+xc[w],j+yc[w]]=0 then inc (nr) ;
end;
numara_ posibilitatile_ de_ mutare:=nr;
end;
procedure calculul_ efectiv;
var i,j:integer;
gata:boolean;
w,q:integer;
min,poz,singura:integer;
unde:integer;
s:string;
begin
gata:=false;
i:=x_ pornire;
j:=y_ pornire;
unde:=1;
a[i,j]:=unde;
outtextxy (x1+13+ (i-1) *31,y1+12+ (j-1) *31,'1') ;
while not gata do begin
for w:=1 to 8 do begin
c[w]:=0;
if (j+yc[w]<=marime_ matrice) and (j+yc[w]>0) and
(i+xc[w]<=marime_ matrice) and (i+xc[w]>0) then
if a[i+xc[w],j+yc[w]]=0 then begin
singura:=w;
c[w]:=numara_ posibilitatile_ de_ mutare (i+xc[w],j+yc[w]) ;
end;
end;
min:=8;
poz:=1;
gata:=true;
for w:=1 to 8 do
if (min>c[w]) and (c[w]>0) then begin
min:=c[w];
poz:=w;
gata:=false;
end;
if gata then poz:=singura;
i:=i+xc[poz];
j:=j+yc[poz];
unde:=unde+1;
a[i,j]:=unde;
str (unde,s) ;
for q:=1 to 3 do begin
desenare_ cal (x1+ (i-1) *31,y1+ (j-1) *31,white,black) ;
delay (200) ;
desenare_ cal (x1+ (i-1) *31,y1+ (j-1) *31,black,white) ;
delay (200) ;
end;
if oprire then readkey
else delay (600) ;
desenare_ cal (x1+ (i-1) *31,y1+ (j-1) *31,black,black) ;
if length (S) =1 then outtextxy (x1+13+ (i-1) *31,y1+12+ (j-1) *31,s)
else
if length (s) =2 then outtextxy (x1+9+ (i-1) *31,y1+12+ (j-1) *31,s)
else outtextxy (x1+4+ (i-1) *31,y1+12+ (j-1) *31,s) ;
end;
end;
begin
cerere_ optiuni;
initializare_ mod_ grafic;
desenare_ patrat;
calculul_ efectiv;
if not oprire then readkey;
end .
L . Toca, A . R . Demco, C . Opincaru, A . Sindile
Informatica - Manual pentru clasa a X-a
Editura Niculescu - Bucuresti, 2000
Fl . Munteanu, T . Ionescu, Gh . Muscǎ, D . Saru, S . M . Dascǎlu
Programarea calculatoarelor - Manual pentru liceele de informatica,
clasele X-XII
Editura Didactica si Pedagogica - Bucuresti, 1995
S . Niculescu si colaboratori
Bacalaureat si atestat
Editura L&S, 1998
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